Editing Fundamentals of Nursing (section)

=== Hazards of immobility ===

Immobility harms every body system, and most complications are preventable by nursing action.
* '''Musculoskeletal:''' muscle atrophy, contractures, foot drop, disuse osteoporosis with hypercalcemia.
* '''Cardiovascular:''' orthostatic hypotension, increased cardiac workload, venous stasis and venous thromboembolism.
* '''Respiratory:''' decreased chest expansion, pooled secretions, atelectasis, hypostatic pneumonia.
* '''Integumentary:''' pressure injury.
* '''Gastrointestinal:''' decreased peristalsis, constipation, and fecal impaction.
* '''Genitourinary:''' urinary stasis, renal calculi, urinary tract infection.
* '''Psychosocial:''' depression, disorientation, sleep disturbance, learned helplessness.

Preventive nursing interventions: reposition on a schedule, range of motion exercises, early and frequent ambulation, incentive spirometry with deep breathing and coughing every one to two hours while awake, adequate fluid and fiber, sequential compression devices and prescribed anticoagulants, and a high protein diet to support tissue integrity.