Editing Maternal and Newborn Nursing (section)

=== Signs of pregnancy ===

* '''Presumptive''' (subjective, felt by the patient, can have other causes): amenorrhea, nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness, urinary frequency, fatigue, quickening.
* '''Probable''' (objective, observed by an examiner, still not conclusive): positive pregnancy test (hCG can also rise with gestational trophoblastic disease), Goodell sign (cervical softening), Chadwick sign (bluish-violet cervix and vagina), Hegar sign (softening of the lower uterine segment), Braxton Hicks contractions, ballottement, uterine enlargement.
* '''Positive''' (only explainable by pregnancy): fetal heart tones heard by an examiner, fetal movement palpated by an examiner, and visualization of the fetus on ultrasound.

'''Application note.''' A patient can have a positive home test and still not have an intrauterine pregnancy. Any positive test with unilateral pelvic pain, shoulder pain, or bleeding raises concern for ectopic pregnancy and needs urgent evaluation.