Editing Reduction of Risk Potential (section)

=== Thoracentesis ===

Position the client sitting upright leaning over a bedside table with the arms supported. Instruct the client to remain still and to avoid coughing or deep breathing during needle insertion. After the procedure, monitor for '''pneumothorax''': sudden dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, diminished or absent breath sounds on the affected side, tachypnea, tachycardia, and in tension pneumothorax, tracheal deviation away from the affected side with hemodynamic collapse. A chest radiograph is typically obtained afterward. Removing a very large volume at one time raises the risk of re-expansion pulmonary edema (Harding et al., 2023; Pagana et al., 2022).